@ARTICLE\{IMM2002-02997,
    author       = "M. P. S{\o}rensen and M. Brio and G. Webb and J. V. Moloney",
    title        = "Solitary waves, steepening and intial collapse in the Maxwell-Lorentz system",
    year         = "2002",
    keywords     = "Nonlinear optics; Vector Maxwell's equations; Solitary waves; Initial collapse",
    pages        = "287-303",
    journal      = "Physica D",
    volume       = "170",
    editor       = "",
    number       = "",
    publisher    = "",
    url          = "http://www2.compute.dtu.dk/pubdb/pubs/2997-full.html",
    abstract     = "We present a numerical study of Maxwell's equations in nonlinear dispersive optical media describing propagation of pulses in one Cartesian space dimension. Dispersion and nonlinearity are accounted for by a linear Lorentz model and an instantaneous Kerr nonlinearity, respectively. The dispersion relation reveals various asymptotic regimes such as Schr{\"{o}}dinger and KdV branches. Existence of soliton-type solutions in the Schr{\"{o}}dinger regime and light bullets containing few optical cycles together with dark solitons are illustrated numerically. Envelope collapse regimes of the Schr{\"{o}}dinger equation are compared to the full system and an arrest mechanism is clearly identified when the spectral width of the initial pulse broadens beyond the applicability of the asymptotic behavior. We show that beyond a certain threshold the carrier wave steepens into an infinite gradient similarly to the canonical Majda–Rosales weakly dispersive system. The weak dispersion in general cannot prevent the wave breaking with instantaneous or delayed nonlinearities."
}