Index

2D slice

3D

AAMs: AAMs in 3D
Delaunay triangulation: AAMs in 3D
ultrasound scanning: AAMs in 3D

3rd party libraries

k-means clustering

Obtaining Landmarks

L₂ norm

Iterative Model Optimization

$\chi^2$ -distribution

Constrained AAM Search

$\chi^2$ -distribution

Model Deformity

a priori knowledge

Introduction | Introduction

AAM search

Active Blobs

Background | Solving Parameter Optimization Off-line

Active Contour Model

Solving Parameter Optimization Off-line

Active Shape Models

Background | Border AAMs

Active Voodoo Dolls

affine transformation

The Procrustes Shape Distance | Piece-wise Affine

alignment

amorphous objects

anchor points

Bayes theorem

Bayesian formulation

Pixel Interpolation | Acquiring Texture in Practice

bicubic interpolation

Pixel Interpolation

bilinear interpolation

binary search tree

binary space-partitioning trees

blackbox

BLAS

blood vessels

BMD

bone mineral density

boolean expression

Border AAM

Border AAMs

BSP-trees

cardiac MRIs

center of mass

centroid size

chromosomes

circumcircle

classification

clockwise

ASF - AAM Shape

closely spaced landmarks

Border AAMs

clouds

cluttered images

Forces

cognitive psychology

Enhanced Shape Representation

computer graphics

Object Texture

concave shapes

conjugate gradient

constrained Delaunay triangulation

Integration into AAMs

constructivist theorists

convex hull

Piece-wise Affine | Enhanced Shape Representation | ASF - AAM Shape

convolution operator

convolution theorem

Modelling Shape Variation | Comparing Pixel-distances and Intensity

correlation matrix

covariance matrix

Modelling Shape Variation | Modelling Texture Variation | Comparing Pixel-distances and Intensity | Shape Formulation

CT

curvature

Damastes

Darwinian theory

data-driven

definition

deformable template models: Background
landmarks: Shapes and Landmarks | Shape & Landmarks
shape: Shapes and Landmarks | Shape & Landmarks
shape size metric: The Procrustes Shape Distance
shape space: Shape Alignment

deformable template models

Introduction | Background

free form: Background
parametric: Background

Delaunay

property: Piece-wise Affine
triangulation: Piece-wise Affine

Delaunay triangulation

Piece-wise Affine | Enhanced Shape Representation

difference decomposition

Solving Parameter Optimization Off-line

dispersion matrix

distance measures

DIVA

Reduction of Dimensions in

dynamic programming

Acquiring Texture in Practice | The API at a

Eckart-Young Theorem

eigenmodes

elastic body

equilibrium configuration

error

point to associated border: Comparison to Ground Truth
point to curve: Comparison to Ground Truth
point to point: Comparison to Ground Truth
texture: Texture Error

Euclidean similarity transforms

Euclidean transformations

exhaustive search

expectation maximization

faces

fat

feature bands

FEM

FFT

fiducial markers

finite element models

Background | Obtaining Landmarks | The Basic Idea

fMRI

Fourier transform

fourth quadrant

ASF - AAM Shape

Frechét mean

free-form deformable model

Frobenius norm

fundus images

Galerkin interpolants

Background | Obtaining Landmarks

gaussian blobs

genetic algorithms

Initialization | Fine-tuning the Model Fit

Geometry-Constrained Diffusion

Obtaining Landmarks

Gibbs distributed

global behavior

Integration into AAMs

gross errors

hand anatomy

Hausdorff distance

heterogeneity

Border AAMs | Border AAMs

heterogeneous objects

homogeneous convex objects

Increasing Texture Specificity

homogeneous surface

homologous points

horse-shoe effect

Hotelling, Harold

Huber's minimax estimator

human brain

human faces

human knee

hyper ellipsoid

identity

image registration

image warping

Image Warping

ImageMagick

Alignment using the Procrustes

influence function

inheritance

initialization

Intel Math Kernel Library

interpretation

intra-class

clustering: Modelling Shape Variation
shape variation: Modelling Shape Variation

k-d trees

Karhunen-Loeve transform

Kendall shape space

landmarks

anatomical: Shapes and Landmarks
definition: Shapes and Landmarks | Shape & Landmarks | Texture Formulation
mathematical: Shapes and Landmarks
pseudo: Shapes and Landmarks

LAPACK

large rotations

large-scale texture noise

Drawbacks | Border AAMs

least squares

leave-one-out

Methodology

likelihood probability distribution

line processes

linear orthogonal transformation

Modelling Shape Variation | Shape Formulation

linear regression

local behavior

Integration into AAMs

Lorentzian estimator

Lorenztian error norm

m-estimator

Modelling Texture Variation

MAF

Mahalanobis distance

main objectives

Motivation and Objectives | Summary of Main Contributions

manifold

Improving Specificity in the | Fine-tuning the Model Fit

MAP

Marquardt-Levenberg

mathematical morphology

Multivariate Imagery

maximum a posteriori

mean

Frechét: Aligning a Set of
shape: Aligning a Set of
texture: Modelling Texture Variation | Modelling Texture Variation

mean intensity error

Texture Error | Summary

meaningful entities

Scale-Space Extension

meat

Border AAMs

medical applications

mesh

Modelling Texture Variation

metacarpals

Forces | Overview

methodology

Methodology

mie

Texture Error

Min/Max Autocorrelation Factors

MLPPDM

Modal Matching

MRI

multi-resolution framework

Iterative Model Optimization | Scale-Space Extension | AAMs in 3D

multiple hypotheses

multivariate imagery

Multivariate Imagery

multivariate linear regression

Example: Changing the shape-to-pixel

name collisions

nodes

non-rigid objects

norm

2-norm: Robust Similarity Measures
L₂: Robust Similarity Measures
Lorenztian: Robust Similarity Measures
m-estimator: Robust Similarity Measures
Mahalanobis distance: Robust Similarity Measures
quadratic: Robust Similarity Measures
truncated quadratic: Robust Similarity Measures

notation conventions

Mathematical Notation

numerical unstability

Optimal choice of k

occlusion

Drawbacks | Robust Similarity Measures

octrees

orthogonal transformation

Modelling Shape Variation | Shape Formulation

osteoporosis

papillary muscles

Cardiac MRIs | Cardiac MRIs

pattern search

Pearson, Karl

pertubation

of the model parameters: Solving Parameter Optimization Off-line

phalanges

Alignment using the Procrustes

photo-realistic images

Forces

physical model

The Basic Idea

pixel interpolation scheme

Pixel Interpolation

point annihilation

point correspondence

Obtaining Landmarks | Drawbacks

point distribution model

point to associated border error

point to curve error

point to point error

polar coordinates

polynomial regression

Cross-sections of Pork Carcass

pork

pork carcasses

Forces

porosity

pose

posterior distribution

pre-shape

principal component analysis

Modelling Shape Variation | Shape Formulation

principal component regression

Self-contained Validation

prior distribution

uniform: AAMs Posed in a

prior knowledge

prior probability distribution

Procrustes analysis

Shape Alignment | The API at a

Procrustes distance

Procrustes mean

prototype

PRPDM

Iterative Model Optimization | Scale-Space Extension

pyramidal framework

quadratic norm

quadtrees

radiographs

Overview | Overview

reduced rank multivariate linear regression

reference shape

registration

Modelling Shape Variation | Choosing Modes of Variation

regularization

regularized

remote sensing

repeatability

reproducibility

rest length

retinal view

Riemannian manifold

rigid objects

rigid template matching

robust error norms

robust statistics

Performance Assessment | Self-contained Validation

rubber-like material

The Basic Idea

scale-space

Scale-Space Extension

self-contained validation

shape

definition: Shapes and Landmarks | Shape & Landmarks
mean: Aligning a Set of
metrics: Shape Alignment
prototype: Background
size metric definition: The Procrustes Shape Distance

shape metric

shape space

shrinking problem

Increasing Texture Specificity | Results

similarity measure

simulated annealing

singular value decomposition

Snakes

Sobel

Multivariate Imagery

spring constant

steepest descent

stop criteria

strain energy

striation

Summary of Main Contributions

subpixel landmark accuracy

tadpoles

tangent space

Reducing Non-linearity

texture

definition: Object Texture

texture definition

Object Texture

texture error

Texture Error

thin plate splines

trees

truncated quadratic norm

uniform

prior distribution: AAMs Posed in a

ventricle

Cardiac MRIs

vertices

VisionSDK

visual perception

warping

Image Warping

watch model

wavelet compression

x-rays