@CONFERENCE\{IMM2012-06311,
    author       = "J. Madsen and J. B. Nielsen and B. S. Jensen and J. Larsen",
    title        = "Modeling Expressed Emotions in Music using Pairwise Comparisons",
    year         = "2012",
    month        = "jun",
    keywords     = "expressed emotion, pairwise comparison, Gaussian process",
    booktitle    = "9th International Symposium on Computer Music Modeling and Retrieval (CMMR) Music and Emotions",
    volume       = "",
    series       = "",
    editor       = "",
    publisher    = "",
    organization = "",
    address      = "",
    url          = "http://www2.compute.dtu.dk/pubdb/pubs/6311-full.html",
    abstract     = "We introduce a two-alternative forced-choice experimental paradigm to quantify expressed emotions in music using the two well-known arousal and valence (AV) dimensions. In order to produce {AV} scores from the pairwise comparisons and to visualize the locations of excerpts in the {AV} space, we introduce a flexible Gaussian process (GP) framework which learns from the pairwise comparisons directly. A novel dataset is used to evaluate the proposed framework and learning curves show that the proposed framework needs relative few comparisons in order to achieve satisfactory performance. This is further supported by visualizing the learned locations of excerpts in the {AV} space. Finally, by examining the predictive performance of the user-specific models we show the importance of modeling subjects individually due to significant subjective differences."
}