@ARTICLE\{IMM2003-02374,
    author       = "K. B. Hilger and R. Larsen and M. Wrobel",
    title        = "Growth Modeling of Human Mandibles using Non-Euclidean Metrics",
    year         = "2003",
    keywords     = "{PCA} {MAF} {MNF} {ASM} {GCD}",
    pages        = "425-433",
    journal      = "Medical Image Analysis",
    volume       = "7",
    editor       = "",
    number       = "",
    publisher    = "Elsevier",
    url          = "http://www2.compute.dtu.dk/pubdb/pubs/2374-full.html",
    abstract     = "From a set of 31 three-dimensional {CT} scans we model the temporal shape and size of the human mandible. Each anatomical structure is represented using 14851 semi-landmarks, and mapped into Procrustes tangent space. Exploratory subspace analyses are performed leading to linear models of mandible shape evolution in Procrustes space. The traditional variance analysis results in a one-dimensional growth model. However, working in a non-Euclidean metric results in a multimodal model with uncorrelated modes of
biological variation. The applied non-Euclidean metric is governed by the correlation structure of the estimated noise in the data. The generative models are compared, and evaluated on the basis of a cross validation study. The new non-Euclidean analysis is completely data driven. It not only gives comparable
results w.r.t. to previous studies of the mean modelling error, but in addition provides the data analyst with alternative hypothesis of plausible shape evolution; hence aiding in the understanding of the cranio-facial growth."
}