@ARTICLE\{IMM2003-02860,
    author       = "H. H. Thodberg and A. Rosholm",
    title        = "Application of the active shape model in a commercial medical device for bone densitometry",
    year         = "2003",
    keywords     = "{ASM,} segmentation, metacarpal",
    pages        = "1155-1161",
    journal      = "Image and Vision Computing",
    volume       = "21",
    editor       = "",
    number       = "13-14",
    publisher    = "Elsevier",
    url          = "http://80-dads.dtv.dk.defldap.cvt.dk:2048/cgi-bin/forward?ISSN=02628856&fturl=/cgi-bin/fulltext/elsevier/ohm06260/02628856/v0021i13/03001847/main.pdf",
    abstract     = "Osteoporosis is a common disorder characterised mainly by low bone mineral density (BMD), and leading to an increased risk of fracture. We have developed a new device that estimates {BMD} from ordinary hand radiographs. A crucial element of this method is the reconstruction of the metacarpals. This paper describes how this was solved using the active shape model (ASM). Standard {ASM} is unable to locate the metacarpal shafts in the direction along the bones. Therefore {ASM} was extended with a translation operator, which solved the problem. A hierarchical filtering method was used to construct a sufficient list of initial guesses for the {ASM}. The performance of {ASM} and the experience with the integration of {ASM} in a commercial medical device is reported. The {ASM} achieves 99.5\% reconstruction success and is able to validate its own reconstruction in 97\% of the cases. The system (Pronosco {X-}posure system, version 2.0) has been approved by the {FDA,} and more than 100 units have been sold.The concept of the translation operator is generalised to the more active shape model (MASM), which also allows a natural integration with the active appearance model.",
    isbn_issn    = "02628856"
}